Burkina Faso
By Chris Williams
Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali, all under military junta leadership, have officially withdrawn from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) on 29 January 2025. This decision marks a significant shift in West Africa’s political landscape, as these nations seek to assert their sovereignty and address regional security challenges independently.
Background of the Withdrawal
The departure of these three nations from ECOWAS follows a series of military coups that have taken place over the past five years. The juntas in these countries have expressed dissatisfaction with ECOWAS’s responses to their internal political changes and security concerns. In September 2023, anticipating their exit, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali established the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), a security partnership aimed at addressing the escalating extremist violence in the Sahel region. 
Formation of the Alliance of Sahel States
The Alliance of Sahel States was formalized to enhance military cooperation among the member countries. In a recent announcement, Salifou Mody, Niger’s Minister of Defence, detailed plans for a joint force comprising 5,000 personnel equipped with aerial, terrestrial, and intelligence resources. This initiative underscores the commitment of these nations to collaboratively tackle the persistent threat of extremist groups in the Sahel. 
ECOWAS’s Response and Continued Cooperation
Despite the formal withdrawal, ECOWAS has maintained an open stance towards these nations. The regional bloc has granted a six-month grace period, from 29 January to 29 July 2025, for the countries to reconsider their decision. During this period, ECOWAS has requested its member states to continue recognizing the national passports of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali, facilitating ongoing diplomatic and economic interactions. 
Public Support and New National Initiatives
The withdrawal has garnered significant public backing within the three countries. Citizens have participated in rallies supporting the move, viewing it as a step towards greater national autonomy. Reflecting this newfound independence, Burkina Faso has begun issuing new biometric passports that omit the ECOWAS logo, symbolizing a clear departure from the regional bloc. 
Implications for Regional Stability
The exit of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali from ECOWAS presents both challenges and opportunities for West Africa. While the formation of the AES aims to bolster regional security through targeted military collaboration, there are concerns about potential political isolation and the impact on economic integration within the broader West African context. The success of this new alliance will depend on its ability to effectively address security threats while fostering economic development and maintaining diplomatic relations with neighboring countries.
International Observations
The international community is closely monitoring these developments. Analysts note that the withdrawal of these nations from ECOWAS and the establishment of the AES could lead to a reconfiguration of alliances and power dynamics in West Africa. The effectiveness of the AES in combating extremist violence and promoting stability will be critical in determining its long-term viability and influence in the region.
Conclusion
The official withdrawal of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali from ECOWAS and the formation of the Alliance of Sahel States represent a pivotal moment in West African politics. As these nations embark on a path of increased autonomy and regional cooperation, the outcomes of their initiatives will have significant implications for the future of security, governance, and integration in the Sahel and beyond.
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